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"""Implements a number of Python exceptions which can be raised from within
a view to trigger a standard HTTP non-200 response.
Usage Example
-------------
.. code-block:: python
from werkzeug.wrappers.request import Request
from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound
def view(request):
raise NotFound()
@Request.application
def application(request):
try:
return view(request)
except HTTPException as e:
return e
As you can see from this example those exceptions are callable WSGI
applications. However, they are not Werkzeug response objects. You
can get a response object by calling ``get_response()`` on a HTTP
exception.
Keep in mind that you may have to pass an environ (WSGI) or scope
(ASGI) to ``get_response()`` because some errors fetch additional
information relating to the request.
If you want to hook in a different exception page to say, a 404 status
code, you can add a second except for a specific subclass of an error:
.. code-block:: python
@Request.application
def application(request):
try:
return view(request)
except NotFound as e:
return not_found(request)
except HTTPException as e:
return e
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import typing as t
from datetime import datetime
from markupsafe import escape
from markupsafe import Markup
from ._internal import _get_environ
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from _typeshed.wsgi import StartResponse
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIEnvironment
from .datastructures import WWWAuthenticate
from .sansio.response import Response
from .wrappers.request import Request as WSGIRequest
from .wrappers.response import Response as WSGIResponse
class HTTPException(Exception):
"""The base class for all HTTP exceptions. This exception can be called as a WSGI
application to render a default error page or you can catch the subclasses
of it independently and render nicer error messages.
.. versionchanged:: 2.1
Removed the ``wrap`` class method.
"""
code: int | None = None
description: str | None = None
def __init__(
self,
description: str | None = None,
response: Response | None = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__()
if description is not None:
self.description = description
self.response = response
@property
def name(self) -> str:
"""The status name."""
from .http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
return HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(self.code, "Unknown Error") # type: ignore
def get_description(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Get the description."""
if self.description is None:
description = ""
else:
description = self.description
description = escape(description).replace("\n", Markup("<br>"))
return f"<p>{description}</p>"
def get_body(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Get the HTML body."""
return (
"<!doctype html>\n"
"<html lang=en>\n"
f"<title>{self.code} {escape(self.name)}</title>\n"
f"<h1>{escape(self.name)}</h1>\n"
f"{self.get_description(environ)}\n"
)
def get_headers(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
"""Get a list of headers."""
return [("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")]
def get_response(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | WSGIRequest | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> Response:
"""Get a response object. If one was passed to the exception
it's returned directly.
:param environ: the optional environ for the request. This
can be used to modify the response depending
on how the request looked like.
:return: a :class:`Response` object or a subclass thereof.
"""
from .wrappers.response import Response as WSGIResponse # noqa: F811
if self.response is not None:
return self.response
if environ is not None:
environ = _get_environ(environ)
headers = self.get_headers(environ, scope)
return WSGIResponse(self.get_body(environ, scope), self.code, headers)
def __call__(
self, environ: WSGIEnvironment, start_response: StartResponse
) -> t.Iterable[bytes]:
"""Call the exception as WSGI application.
:param environ: the WSGI environment.
:param start_response: the response callable provided by the WSGI
server.
"""
response = t.cast("WSGIResponse", self.get_response(environ))
return response(environ, start_response)
def __str__(self) -> str:
code = self.code if self.code is not None else "???"
return f"{code} {self.name}: {self.description}"
def __repr__(self) -> str:
code = self.code if self.code is not None else "???"
return f"<{type(self).__name__} '{code}: {self.name}'>"
class BadRequest(HTTPException):
"""*400* `Bad Request`
Raise if the browser sends something to the application the application
or server cannot handle.
"""
code = 400
description = (
"The browser (or proxy) sent a request that this server could "
"not understand."
)
class BadRequestKeyError(BadRequest, KeyError):
"""An exception that is used to signal both a :exc:`KeyError` and a
:exc:`BadRequest`. Used by many of the datastructures.
"""
_description = BadRequest.description
#: Show the KeyError along with the HTTP error message in the
#: response. This should be disabled in production, but can be
#: useful in a debug mode.
show_exception = False
def __init__(self, arg: object | None = None, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if arg is None:
KeyError.__init__(self)
else:
KeyError.__init__(self, arg)
@property # type: ignore
def description(self) -> str:
if self.show_exception:
return (
f"{self._description}\n"
f"{KeyError.__name__}: {KeyError.__str__(self)}"
)
return self._description
@description.setter
def description(self, value: str) -> None:
self._description = value
class ClientDisconnected(BadRequest):
"""Internal exception that is raised if Werkzeug detects a disconnected
client. Since the client is already gone at that point attempting to
send the error message to the client might not work and might ultimately
result in another exception in the server. Mainly this is here so that
it is silenced by default as far as Werkzeug is concerned.
Since disconnections cannot be reliably detected and are unspecified
by WSGI to a large extent this might or might not be raised if a client
is gone.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
"""
class SecurityError(BadRequest):
"""Raised if something triggers a security error. This is otherwise
exactly like a bad request error.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
class BadHost(BadRequest):
"""Raised if the submitted host is badly formatted.
.. versionadded:: 0.11.2
"""
class Unauthorized(HTTPException):
"""*401* ``Unauthorized``
Raise if the user is not authorized to access a resource.
The ``www_authenticate`` argument should be used to set the
``WWW-Authenticate`` header. This is used for HTTP basic auth and
other schemes. Use :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate`
to create correctly formatted values. Strictly speaking a 401
response is invalid if it doesn't provide at least one value for
this header, although real clients typically don't care.
:param description: Override the default message used for the body
of the response.
:param www-authenticate: A single value, or list of values, for the
WWW-Authenticate header(s).
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Serialize multiple ``www_authenticate`` items into multiple
``WWW-Authenticate`` headers, rather than joining them
into a single value, for better interoperability.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15.3
If the ``www_authenticate`` argument is not set, the
``WWW-Authenticate`` header is not set.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15.3
The ``response`` argument was restored.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15.1
``description`` was moved back as the first argument, restoring
its previous position.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15.0
``www_authenticate`` was added as the first argument, ahead of
``description``.
"""
code = 401
description = (
"The server could not verify that you are authorized to access"
" the URL requested. You either supplied the wrong credentials"
" (e.g. a bad password), or your browser doesn't understand"
" how to supply the credentials required."
)
def __init__(
self,
description: str | None = None,
response: Response | None = None,
www_authenticate: None | (WWWAuthenticate | t.Iterable[WWWAuthenticate]) = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__(description, response)
from .datastructures import WWWAuthenticate
if isinstance(www_authenticate, WWWAuthenticate):
www_authenticate = (www_authenticate,)
self.www_authenticate = www_authenticate
def get_headers(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
if self.www_authenticate:
headers.extend(("WWW-Authenticate", str(x)) for x in self.www_authenticate)
return headers
class Forbidden(HTTPException):
"""*403* `Forbidden`
Raise if the user doesn't have the permission for the requested resource
but was authenticated.
"""
code = 403
description = (
"You don't have the permission to access the requested"
" resource. It is either read-protected or not readable by the"
" server."
)
class NotFound(HTTPException):
"""*404* `Not Found`
Raise if a resource does not exist and never existed.
"""
code = 404
description = (
"The requested URL was not found on the server. If you entered"
" the URL manually please check your spelling and try again."
)
class MethodNotAllowed(HTTPException):
"""*405* `Method Not Allowed`
Raise if the server used a method the resource does not handle. For
example `POST` if the resource is view only. Especially useful for REST.
The first argument for this exception should be a list of allowed methods.
Strictly speaking the response would be invalid if you don't provide valid
methods in the header which you can do with that list.
"""
code = 405
description = "The method is not allowed for the requested URL."
def __init__(
self,
valid_methods: t.Iterable[str] | None = None,
description: str | None = None,
response: Response | None = None,
) -> None:
"""Takes an optional list of valid http methods
starting with werkzeug 0.3 the list will be mandatory."""
super().__init__(description=description, response=response)
self.valid_methods = valid_methods
def get_headers(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
if self.valid_methods:
headers.append(("Allow", ", ".join(self.valid_methods)))
return headers
class NotAcceptable(HTTPException):
"""*406* `Not Acceptable`
Raise if the server can't return any content conforming to the
`Accept` headers of the client.
"""
code = 406
description = (
"The resource identified by the request is only capable of"
" generating response entities which have content"
" characteristics not acceptable according to the accept"
" headers sent in the request."
)
class RequestTimeout(HTTPException):
"""*408* `Request Timeout`
Raise to signalize a timeout.
"""
code = 408
description = (
"The server closed the network connection because the browser"
" didn't finish the request within the specified time."
)
class Conflict(HTTPException):
"""*409* `Conflict`
Raise to signal that a request cannot be completed because it conflicts
with the current state on the server.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 409
description = (
"A conflict happened while processing the request. The"
" resource might have been modified while the request was being"
" processed."
)
class Gone(HTTPException):
"""*410* `Gone`
Raise if a resource existed previously and went away without new location.
"""
code = 410
description = (
"The requested URL is no longer available on this server and"
" there is no forwarding address. If you followed a link from a"
" foreign page, please contact the author of this page."
)
class LengthRequired(HTTPException):
"""*411* `Length Required`
Raise if the browser submitted data but no ``Content-Length`` header which
is required for the kind of processing the server does.
"""
code = 411
description = (
"A request with this method requires a valid <code>Content-"
"Length</code> header."
)
class PreconditionFailed(HTTPException):
"""*412* `Precondition Failed`
Status code used in combination with ``If-Match``, ``If-None-Match``, or
``If-Unmodified-Since``.
"""
code = 412
description = (
"The precondition on the request for the URL failed positive evaluation."
)
class RequestEntityTooLarge(HTTPException):
"""*413* `Request Entity Too Large`
The status code one should return if the data submitted exceeded a given
limit.
"""
code = 413
description = "The data value transmitted exceeds the capacity limit."
class RequestURITooLarge(HTTPException):
"""*414* `Request URI Too Large`
Like *413* but for too long URLs.
"""
code = 414
description = (
"The length of the requested URL exceeds the capacity limit for"
" this server. The request cannot be processed."
)
class UnsupportedMediaType(HTTPException):
"""*415* `Unsupported Media Type`
The status code returned if the server is unable to handle the media type
the client transmitted.
"""
code = 415
description = (
"The server does not support the media type transmitted in the request."
)
class RequestedRangeNotSatisfiable(HTTPException):
"""*416* `Requested Range Not Satisfiable`
The client asked for an invalid part of the file.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 416
description = "The server cannot provide the requested range."
def __init__(
self,
length: int | None = None,
units: str = "bytes",
description: str | None = None,
response: Response | None = None,
) -> None:
"""Takes an optional `Content-Range` header value based on ``length``
parameter.
"""
super().__init__(description=description, response=response)
self.length = length
self.units = units
def get_headers(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
if self.length is not None:
headers.append(("Content-Range", f"{self.units} */{self.length}"))
return headers
class ExpectationFailed(HTTPException):
"""*417* `Expectation Failed`
The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 417
description = "The server could not meet the requirements of the Expect header"
class ImATeapot(HTTPException):
"""*418* `I'm a teapot`
The server should return this if it is a teapot and someone attempted
to brew coffee with it.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 418
description = "This server is a teapot, not a coffee machine"
class MisdirectedRequest(HTTPException):
"""421 Misdirected Request
Indicates that the request was directed to a server that is not able to
produce a response.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
code = 421
description = "The server is not able to produce a response."
class UnprocessableEntity(HTTPException):
"""*422* `Unprocessable Entity`
Used if the request is well formed, but the instructions are otherwise
incorrect.
"""
code = 422
description = (
"The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed due"
" to semantic errors."
)
class Locked(HTTPException):
"""*423* `Locked`
Used if the resource that is being accessed is locked.
"""
code = 423
description = "The resource that is being accessed is locked."
class FailedDependency(HTTPException):
"""*424* `Failed Dependency`
Used if the method could not be performed on the resource
because the requested action depended on another action and that action failed.
"""
code = 424
description = (
"The method could not be performed on the resource because the"
" requested action depended on another action and that action"
" failed."
)
class PreconditionRequired(HTTPException):
"""*428* `Precondition Required`
The server requires this request to be conditional, typically to prevent
the lost update problem, which is a race condition between two or more
clients attempting to update a resource through PUT or DELETE. By requiring
each client to include a conditional header ("If-Match" or "If-Unmodified-
Since") with the proper value retained from a recent GET request, the
server ensures that each client has at least seen the previous revision of
the resource.
"""
code = 428
description = (
"This request is required to be conditional; try using"
' "If-Match" or "If-Unmodified-Since".'
)
class _RetryAfter(HTTPException):
"""Adds an optional ``retry_after`` parameter which will set the
``Retry-After`` header. May be an :class:`int` number of seconds or
a :class:`~datetime.datetime`.
"""
def __init__(
self,
description: str | None = None,
response: Response | None = None,
retry_after: datetime | int | None = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__(description, response)
self.retry_after = retry_after
def get_headers(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | None = None,
scope: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
if self.retry_after:
if isinstance(self.retry_after, datetime):
from .http import http_date
value = http_date(self.retry_after)
else:
value = str(self.retry_after)
headers.append(("Retry-After", value))
return headers
class TooManyRequests(_RetryAfter):
"""*429* `Too Many Requests`
The server is limiting the rate at which this user receives
responses, and this request exceeds that rate. (The server may use
any convenient method to identify users and their request rates).
The server may include a "Retry-After" header to indicate how long
the user should wait before retrying.
:param retry_after: If given, set the ``Retry-After`` header to this
value. May be an :class:`int` number of seconds or a
:class:`~datetime.datetime`.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
Added ``retry_after`` parameter.
"""
code = 429
description = "This user has exceeded an allotted request count. Try again later."
class RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge(HTTPException):
"""*431* `Request Header Fields Too Large`
The server refuses to process the request because the header fields are too
large. One or more individual fields may be too large, or the set of all
headers is too large.
"""
code = 431
description = "One or more header fields exceeds the maximum size."
class UnavailableForLegalReasons(HTTPException):
"""*451* `Unavailable For Legal Reasons`
This status code indicates that the server is denying access to the
resource as a consequence of a legal demand.
"""
code = 451
description = "Unavailable for legal reasons."
class InternalServerError(HTTPException):
"""*500* `Internal Server Error`
Raise if an internal server error occurred. This is a good fallback if an
unknown error occurred in the dispatcher.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
Added the :attr:`original_exception` attribute.
"""
code = 500
description = (
"The server encountered an internal error and was unable to"
" complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or"
" there is an error in the application."
)
def __init__(
self,
description: str | None = None,
response: Response | None = None,
original_exception: BaseException | None = None,
) -> None:
#: The original exception that caused this 500 error. Can be
#: used by frameworks to provide context when handling
#: unexpected errors.
self.original_exception = original_exception
super().__init__(description=description, response=response)
class NotImplemented(HTTPException):
"""*501* `Not Implemented`
Raise if the application does not support the action requested by the
browser.
"""
code = 501
description = "The server does not support the action requested by the browser."
class BadGateway(HTTPException):
"""*502* `Bad Gateway`
If you do proxying in your application you should return this status code
if you received an invalid response from the upstream server it accessed
in attempting to fulfill the request.
"""
code = 502
description = (
"The proxy server received an invalid response from an upstream server."
)
class ServiceUnavailable(_RetryAfter):
"""*503* `Service Unavailable`
Status code you should return if a service is temporarily
unavailable.
:param retry_after: If given, set the ``Retry-After`` header to this
value. May be an :class:`int` number of seconds or a
:class:`~datetime.datetime`.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
Added ``retry_after`` parameter.
"""
code = 503
description = (
"The server is temporarily unable to service your request due"
" to maintenance downtime or capacity problems. Please try"
" again later."
)
class GatewayTimeout(HTTPException):
"""*504* `Gateway Timeout`
Status code you should return if a connection to an upstream server
times out.
"""
code = 504
description = "The connection to an upstream server timed out."
class HTTPVersionNotSupported(HTTPException):
"""*505* `HTTP Version Not Supported`
The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request.
"""
code = 505
description = (
"The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request."
)
default_exceptions: dict[int, type[HTTPException]] = {}
def _find_exceptions() -> None:
for obj in globals().values():
try:
is_http_exception = issubclass(obj, HTTPException)
except TypeError:
is_http_exception = False
if not is_http_exception or obj.code is None:
continue
old_obj = default_exceptions.get(obj.code, None)
if old_obj is not None and issubclass(obj, old_obj):
continue
default_exceptions[obj.code] = obj
_find_exceptions()
del _find_exceptions
class Aborter:
"""When passed a dict of code -> exception items it can be used as
callable that raises exceptions. If the first argument to the
callable is an integer it will be looked up in the mapping, if it's
a WSGI application it will be raised in a proxy exception.
The rest of the arguments are forwarded to the exception constructor.
"""
def __init__(
self,
mapping: dict[int, type[HTTPException]] | None = None,
extra: dict[int, type[HTTPException]] | None = None,
) -> None:
if mapping is None:
mapping = default_exceptions
self.mapping = dict(mapping)
if extra is not None:
self.mapping.update(extra)
def __call__(
self, code: int | Response, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> t.NoReturn:
from .sansio.response import Response
if isinstance(code, Response):
raise HTTPException(response=code)
if code not in self.mapping:
raise LookupError(f"no exception for {code!r}")
raise self.mapping[code](*args, **kwargs)
def abort(status: int | Response, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.NoReturn:
"""Raises an :py:exc:`HTTPException` for the given status code or WSGI
application.
If a status code is given, it will be looked up in the list of
exceptions and will raise that exception. If passed a WSGI application,
it will wrap it in a proxy WSGI exception and raise that::
abort(404) # 404 Not Found
abort(Response('Hello World'))
"""
_aborter(status, *args, **kwargs)
_aborter: Aborter = Aborter()